Analytical Sciences

Application of D-Limonene as a Bio-based Solvent in Low Density-Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Acidic Drugs from Aqueous Samples

Asmaa Kamal EL-DEEN*,** and Kuniyoshi SHIMIZU*

*Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
**Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

This study deals with the application of different monoterpenes as relatively green bio-based solvents for low density-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (LD-DLLME) of different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous samples in comparison with conventional halogenated solvents. Results indicated that D-limonene could extract the hydrophobic compounds with higher %recovery compared with other bio-based and halogenated solvents. The LD-DLLME procedure was optimized by applying one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) followed by central composite face-centered design (CCF) of the response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited good linearity with r ≥ 0.9950 with low LOD as well as LOQ levels in the range of 0.11 to 0.81 and 0.36 to 2.69 ng/mL, respectively. The method was efficiently applied to a variety of real aqueous samples. Finally, the green aspect of our procedure was compared with some reported methods using two green metric tools.

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