Analytical Sciences

Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction (HoLLE) via Flotation Combined with Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection as a Very Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Fenitrothion in Water Samples

Hossein Ali MASHAYEKHI

Department of Chemistry, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran

Homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction via flotation assistance (HoLLE-FA) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was presented for the extraction and determination of fenitrothion in water samples. In this work, a rapid, simple and efficient HoLLE-FA method was developed based on applying low-density organic solvents without employing centrifugation. A special extraction cell was designed to facilitate the collection of low-density solvent extraction in the determination of fenitrothion in water samples. The water sample solution was added into an extraction cell that contained an appropriate mixture of extraction and homogeneous solvents. By using air flotation, the organic solvent was collected at the conical part of the designed cell. Under the optimum conditions, the method performance was studied in terms of the linear dynamic range (LDR from 1.0 up to 100 μg L⁻¹), linearity (r² > 0.998), and precision (repeatability < 8.0%). Also, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μg L⁻¹ was obtained for fenitrothion. The applicability of the HoLLE-FA method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of fenitrothion in three different water samples.

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